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Homomorphic Encryption: A Deep Dive into Secure Computation

Updated: Oct 7

In today's digital age, data security is more critical than ever. With the increasing amount of sensitive information being stored and processed online, newer regulations mandating security of data in use  finding ways to keep data safe is paramount. Traditional encryption methods protect data at rest and in transit, but data in use or being processed is not encrypted.  This is where homomorphic encryption can be used—a technology that allows computations to be performed on encrypted data without ever needing to decrypt it.


What is Homomorphic Encryption?

Homomorphic encryption is a type of encryption that allows for specific types of computations to be carried out on ciphertext, producing an encrypted result that, when decrypted, matches the result of operations performed on the plaintext. This means that sensitive data can be processed by a third party (like a cloud service) without ever exposing the unencrypted data to them.

For instance,  a hospital wanting to analyze patient data to improve healthcare services. Using homomorphic encryption, they can send encrypted patient records to a third-party analytics provider. The provider can run their analysis on the encrypted data, and the results, once decrypted by the hospital, will be as if the analysis was performed directly on the unencrypted data. This ensures that sensitive information remains secure throughout the process.


Types of Homomorphic Encryption

There are different types of homomorphic encryption, each with varying degrees of complexity and functionality:


1. Partially Homomorphic Encryption (PHE) Supports only one type of operation, either addition or multiplication, on the encrypted data. 

2. Somewhat Homomorphic Encryption (SWHE) Supports a limited number of both addition and multiplication operations.

3. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) Supports unlimited operations (both addition and multiplication) on encrypted data. This type of encryption is the most powerful and versatile, enabling any computation to be performed on encrypted data. However, FHE is also the most complex and computationally intensive, making it a subject of ongoing research and optimization.


 Applications of Homomorphic Encryption


The potential applications of homomorphic encryption are vast, particularly in fields where data privacy is crucial:


1. Healthcare: As mentioned earlier, hospitals and research institutions can use homomorphic encryption to perform data analysis on patient records without compromising privacy.



2. Finance: Banks and financial institutions can use homomorphic encryption to perform calculations on sensitive financial data, such as credit scoring, without exposing the underlying information.




3. Cloud Computing: With the rise of cloud services, homomorphic encryption can allow companies to outsource data processing tasks to the cloud while keeping their data secure from the service provider.


4. Machine Learning: Homomorphic encryption can enable privacy-preserving machine learning models, where sensitive data can be used to train models without exposing the data itself.



5. Secure voting systems: A voting system can use PHE to add up encrypted votes without revealing individual choices. Each vote is encrypted, and the tally is calculated by performing addition on the encrypted values. The final result can be decrypted to reveal the total number of votes, preserving voter privacy.


6. Encrypted Database Queries: SWHE can enable secure queries on encrypted databases where a limited number of operations (such as additions and multiplications) are performed on the data. For instance, a company might run encrypted searches or filters on a database without decrypting the data.


7. Secure Multi-Party Computation: FHE can be used in scenarios where multiple parties need to jointly compute a function over their inputs without revealing them to each other, FHE allows them to perform all necessary computations on encrypted inputs, with the result only being decrypted at the end.


Considerations for Using Homomorphic Encryption from Private Companies


1. Trustworthiness and Reputation

It is important  to choose a provider with a strong reputation in the cryptography and security industry. Companies that have a proven track record, transparent security practices, and are involved in the academic or research community are good options.


One should prefer companies that adhere to open cryptographic standards and make their implementations open-source or have them peer-reviewed. This transparency can provide an additional layer of trust, as the cryptographic community can audit and verify the security of the encryption methods.


2. Vendor Lock-In

If you use homomorphic encryption from a private company, ensure that you retain full control over your encrypted data and keys. The encryption scheme should be standard enough that if the company ceases to exist, you can still decrypt or migrate your data to another service without being locked into a proprietary system. This will enable your data to be portable


3. Longevity and Maintenance:

The long-term viability of the encryption method is important. If a private company goes out of business or stops supporting its encryption product,  data needs to remain secure and accessible. This is especially important for data that needs to be preserved securely for many years.


Maintain control over your encryption keys. If the company holds your keys or has access to them, you could lose access to your data if the company is out of business If a vulnerability is discovered in the encryption scheme and the company is no longer around to issue patches or updates, your data could be at risk unless the scheme is widely known .


4. Legal and Compliance Considerations:

 Understand the legal implications of using a particular company’s encryption service, especially concerning data sovereignty and privacy laws. If a company is based in a different jurisdiction, it could be subject to laws that affect your data’s security.


A company's encryption solutions should comply with relevant regulations and industry standards (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA). This ensures that the encryption meets recognized security benchmarks.


Final Word

Homomorphic encryption represents a significant advancement in the field of cryptography, offering a way to perform secure computations on sensitive data without ever exposing it. While there are challenges to overcome, the potential benefits for industries like healthcare, finance, and cloud computing are immense. As technology continues to evolve, homomorphic encryption could become a cornerstone of data security in our increasingly connected world.


Using homomorphic encryption provided by private companies can be safe, but there are important considerations to keep in mind, particularly regarding long-term security and access to your data. Carefully assess the company's reputation, the transparency of its encryption methods, and the control you have over your data and keys. However, to protect against potential future risks, it’s important to choose solutions based on open standards, retain control of your encryption keys, and ensure that you have a plan for data portability if the company ceases to exist.


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